Probiotics

[Jeffery Escobar]

In general terms, probiotics are beneficial for birds. They are thought to stimulate the proliferation of immune cells like T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Probiotics can stimulate the production of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response. Some cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, TNF-alpha, and IL12 are important during the antigen presentation process. Probiotics may help fighting pathogenic bacteria through competitive exclusion. The specific benefits of probiotics on immunity will depend on each strain of probiotic used.

[Ravinder Kumar]

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